UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 

COLLEGE   OF   AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT   STATION 

BERKELEY,   CALIFORNIA 


RICE  AND  RICE  BY-PRODUCTS  AS 
FEEDS  FOR  FATTENING  SWINE 


E.  H.  HUGHES 


BULLETIN  420 

March,  1927 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRINTING  OFFICE 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1927 


RICE  AND  RICE  BY-PRODUCTS  AS  FEEDS  FOR 
FATTENING  SWINE 

E.  H.  HUGHES* 


INTRODUCTION 

In  1925  the  State  of  California  produced  4,738,000  bushels  of  rice. 
Rice  was  grown  experimentally  as  early  as  1909  but  was  not  produced 
commercially  until  1912.  From  that  time  on,  it  has  rapidly  gained 
importance  as  a  field  crop.  At  present  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin  valleys  produce  almost  all  the  rice  grown  in  California. 

Although  rice,  like  wheat,  is  grown  for  human  consumption,  its  by- 
products are  used  as  feeds  for  livestock,  and  under  certain  conditions, 
whole  rice  is  fed.  Experimental  evidence  concerning  the  value  of  rice 
and  rice  by-products  is  limited.  Rough  rice,  rice  bran,  rice  polish,  and 
brewers'  rice  have  been  fed  experimentally  with  corn  or  the  grain 
sorghums,  by  the  experiment  stations  of  southern  states,  and  com- 
parative values  have  been  obtained.  However,  there  is  no  information 
available  concerning  the  comparative  values  of  rice  and  rice  by- 
products and  barley,  feeds  which  are  being  used  by  swine  producers  in 
California.  A  demand  for  accurate  information  concerning  their 
nutritive  value  has  led  to  the  experiments  reported  in  this  paper. 

Milling  of  rice. — Rough  rice  consists  of  the  grain  proper  with  its 
close-fitting  cuticle  roughly  inclosed  by  the  stiff,  hard  husk  or  hull. 
Before  it  is  fit  for  consumption,  the  rice  must  go  through  a  process 
called  milling,  which  cleans  and  polishes  the  surface  of  the  grain. 

To  produce  clean  rice,  the  rough  rice  is  passed  between  revolving 
stones  which  remove  the  rough  outer  hull.  The  rice  and  hulls  are  then 
separated.  The  rice  passes  into  the  huller,  where  the  outer  layer  of 
bran  is  removed,  and  is  then  transferred  to  the  pearling  cone  where 
the  inner  layer  is  taken  off  and  where  the  products  are  separated.  The 
rice  is  now  polished  by  revolving  cylinders  covered  with  pigskin  or 
other  suitable  materials.  The  products  resulting  from  the  last  two 
steps  are  known  as  polished  rice  and  rice  polish.  The  polished  rice 
and  by-products  are  then  placed  on  the  market  as  human  and  animal 
foods,  respectively.    From  162  pounds  of  paddy  or  rough  rice(1)t  there 

*  Associate  Professor  of  Animal  Husbandry,  and  Associate  Animal  Husband- 
man in  the  Experiment  Station. 

t  Superscript  numbers  in  parentheses  refer  to  literature  cited,  pp.  23,  24. 


4  UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

is  obtained  during  milling  100  pounds  of  polished  rice,  20  pounds  of 
rice  bran,  7  pounds  of  rice  polish,  and  35  pounds  of  chaff  or  hulls.  In 
Texas  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  Bulletin  191, (2)  the  following 
more  detailed  report  of  the  products  of  rice  milling  is  given:  " hulls, 
32  pounds ;  bran,  21  pounds ;  polish,  6  pounds ;  fancy  rice,  72  pounds ; 
second  rice,  21  pounds;  screenings  rice,  10  pounds;  brewers'  rice, 
6  pounds;  loss  and  dirt,  3.4  pounds."  There  are,  therefore,  large 
quantities  of  rice  by-products  available  in  California  for  swine  feeding. 

Review  of  literature. — No  information  concerning  the  value  of  rice 
by-products  when  fed  with  barley  is  available.  All  experiments  in  the 
Corn  Belt,  eastern,  and  southern  states,  where  corn  is  the  principal 
feed  for  livestock,  base  the  relative  values  of  rice  and  rice  by-products 
on  corn  values.  The  results  from  some  of  the  agricultural  experiment 
stations  are  interesting. 

At  the  Alabama  Station, (3)  where  five  experiments  with  feeding 
pigs  were  carried  on,  rice  polish  was  found  superior  to  corn  meal. 
One  pound  of  gain  required  only  3.73  pounds  of  rice  polish  as  com- 
pared with  4.74  pounds  of  corn  meal.  Hence,  78.6  pounds  of  the  rice 
polish  were  equal  to  100  pounds  of  corn  meal. 

At  the  Arkansas  Station, (4)  one  pound  of  rice  polish,  when  fed 
alone  or  with  supplements,  proved  to  be  equal  on  the  average  to  1.25 
pounds  of  corn  chops.  Hogs  scoured  severely  when  fed  large  quanti- 
ties of  rice  polish  dampened  just  before  feeding.  The  addition  of  lime 
water  checked  the  scours.  Hogs  fed  on  rice  polish  alone  or  with 
protein  supplements  attained  as  high  a  finish  as  corn-fed  hogs. 

When  supplemented  with  protein,  rice  bran  was  only  about  90 
per  cent  as  valuable  as  corn  chops.  Rice  bran  alone  or  supplemented 
with  protein  was  not  so  desirable  a  fattening  ration  for  hogs,  especially 
on  account  of  its  bulk,  as  either  rice  polish  or  corn  chops.  A  high 
finish  was  not  attained  by  hogs  fed  on  such  rations. 

Dvorachek  and  Sandhouse  of  the  Arkansas  Station(6)  report  that 
rice  bran  when  fed  alone  produced  a  soft,  oily  fat  somewhat  grayish 
in  color. 

Ground  rough  rice  and  brewers'  rice  were  found  to  have  no 
deleterious  effects  at  the  Louisiana  Station (7)  when  fed  to  shoats 
averaging  140  pounds  in  weight. 

The  Massachusetts  Station, (8)  in  a  report  published  in  1897,  reports 
feeding  rice  meal  and  skimmilk  to  three  pigs  that  weighed  an  average 
of  67  pounds  at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment  and  195.2  pounds  at 
the  end  of  the  experiment.  The  rice  meal  referred  to  in  this  report  was 
a  mixture  of  the  chaff  and  flour  obtained  in  the  manufacture  of  com- 


BUL.  420]  rice   FOR  FATTENING   SWINE  5 

mercial  rice.  The  rice  hulls  were  not  included.  A  check  lot  of  three 
pigs  fed  corn  meal  and  skimmilk  showed  an  average  weight  of  65 
pounds  at  the  beginning  and  193.5  pounds  at  the  end  of  the  experi- 
ment. Both  lots  required  2.91  pounds  of  dry  matter  to  produce  a 
pound  of  live  weight. 

The  conclusion  was  that  a  good  quality  of  rice  meal  has  a  feeding 
value  equal  to  a  similar  quantity  of  corn  meal. 

The  Mississippi  Station/9 }  reports  two  trials  where  corn  and  tank- 
age and  rice  polish  and  tankage  are  compared  as  rations  for  fattening 
pigs.  This  station  concludes  that  the  widely  varying  results  of  the 
two  trials  make  it  impossible  to  draw  definite  conclusions  until  further 
work  has  been  done. 

Rice  meal,  at  the  South  Carolina  Station, (10)  when  fed  with  skim- 
milk, had  a  feeding  value  equal  to  that  of  corn.  Pigs,  six  months  old, 
made  an  average  gain  of  1.72  pounds  a  day  for  61  days  when  fed  rice 
meal  and  skimmilk  at  the  ratio  of  one  pound  of  rice  meal  to  four 
pounds  of  milk.  The  lot  fed  on  corn  meal  and  milk  at  the  same  ratio 
made  an  average  gain  of  1.66  pounds  for  61  days. 

It  required  2.48  pounds  of  rice  meal  and  9.91  pounds  of  skimmilk 
to  make  one  pound  of  gain.  It  required  2.57  pounds  of  corn  meal  and 
10.28  pounds  of  skimmilk  to  make  one  pound  of  gain.  The  rice  meal 
fed  was  a  by-product  of  the  rice  mills  and  consisted  largely  of  rice 
flower,  rice  polish,  and  rice  bran. 

The  Texas  Station  has  published  seven  bulletins,  each  dealing  with 
some  phases  of  feeding  rice  and  rice  by-products  to  growing  and 
fattening  swine.  A  summary  of  a  part  of  their  investigations  is  pre- 
sented. In  Bulletin  131(11)  it  was  reported  that  rice  bran  was  much 
cheaper  than  corn  and  yielded  a  larger  gain.  The  pork  produced  by 
it,  however,  was  inferior  in  quality  to  that  produced  by  corn. 

Cruse (12)  found  ground  rough  red  rice  fed  with  cottonseed  meal  to 
be  an  economical  ration  for  fattening  pigs.  Fed  with  alfalfa  meal  it 
gave  better  results  than  corn  chops  fed  with  alfalfa  meal.  The  feeds 
were  fermented  before  being  fed. 

One  lot  of  pigs,  reported  in  Texas  Bulletin  224,(13)  was  fed  a 
ration  of  rice  bran,  10  pounds,  and  cottonseed  meal,  1  pound,  for  80 
days  in  dry  lot.  When  slaughtered  they  were  graded  as  4  oily  and 
5  firm.  This  indicates  that  a  ration  of  rice  bran  and  cottonseed  meal 
will  produce  soft  or  oily  hogs.  The  gains  made  by  pigs  in  this  lot 
were  low.  When  half  the  rice  bran  was  replaced  by  milo  chops,  the 
hogs  made  better  gains,  and  all  carcasses  were  firm. 


6  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Burk(14)  reported  that  pigs  fed  a  ration  of  rice  bran,  four  parts, 
rice  polish,  four  parts,  and  cottonseed  meal,  one  part,  made  relatively 
small  daily  gains  and  that  the  amount  of  feed  required  to  produce  100 
pounds  of  gain  was  high.  The  pork  produced  by  this  ration  was 
very  soft. 

Texas  Bulletin  286(15)  reports  that  rice  bran,  when  fed  with  tank- 
age, was  not  a  satisfactory  ration  as  shown  by  the  rates  of  gain.  The 
ration  seemed  to  be  unpalatable  and  was  too  bulky;  as  a  result,  the 
pigs  were  frequently  off  feed.  It  was  necessary  to  make  a  deduction 
of  two  cents  a  pound  because  the  carcasses  were  graded  as  soft. 

However,  it  appears  that  rice  bran  can  be  fed  safely  with  equal 
parts  of  corn  chops  and  10  per  cent  of  tankage,  and  in  all  probability 
can  be  fed  in  as  high  a  proportion  as  60  per  cent  of  the  ration  without 
resulting  in  soft  carcasses. 

Two  lots  with  10  pigs  in  each  lot,  as  reported  in  Bulletin  305,(16) 
were  fed  rations,  50  per  cent  of  which  was  rice  bran.  The  rate  of  gain 
was  low.  The  pork  produced  was  not  so  soft  as  to  require  a  dockage 
in  price. 

In  two  experiments  summarized  in  Bulletin  313,(17)  50  and  60 
per  cent  of  rice  bran  and  rice  polish  fed  in  combination  with  corn  and 
tankage  to  140-pound  pigs  for  a  period  of  60  days  did  not  produce 
any  carcasses  so  soft  as  to  require  the  ordinary  dockage  for  "soft 
hogs."  Fifty  per  cent  of  rice  bran  or  polish  in  the  rations  produced 
greater  gains  and  required  less  feed  per  unit  Of  gain  than  did 
60  per  cent. 

When  the  hogs  were  fed  heavily,  with  the  feed  wet  at  feeding  time, 
rations  containing  60  per  cent  of  rice  polish  produced  scours. 

A  unit  of  gain  was  made  on  less  feed  when  50  per  cent  of  the 
ration  was  rice  polish  than  when  the  ration  was  corn  and  tankage. 
This  indicates  that  rice  polish  will  produce  more  gain  for  a  pound  of 
feed  than  will  corn. 

In  the  second  test  reported  in  this  bulletin,  one  group  of  pigs  was 
fed  a  ration  of  50  parts  rice  bran,  40  parts  corn  chops,  and  10  parts 
tankage  for  150  days.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  test,  nine  of  the  ten 
hogs  in  this  group  killed  "soft." 

As  compared  with  corn,  rice  bran  invariably  lowered  the  average 
daily  gains  and  increased  the  amount  of  feed  required  per  unit  of  gain. 

The  feeding  of  rice  meal  and  rice  meal  mixtures  is  reported  by  the 
Experimental  Farm,  Agassiz,  B.  C.(5)  There  thirteen  pens  were  fed 
rice  meal  and  rice  meal  mixtures.  Twelve  pens  were  used  as  controls 
and  were  fed  on  wheat  shorts  or  shorts  and  the  same  mixture  as  in  the 


BUL.  420]  RICE   for   FATTENING    SWINE  7 

case  of  rice  meal.  The  several  lots  contained  both  summer  and  winter- 
fed  hogs.  The  general  condition  of  the  hogs  fed  rice  meal  did  not 
compare  favorably  with  the  condition  of  those  in  the  control  pens.  In 
some  cases  a  definite  disease  developed,  and  when  the  hogs  were 
slaughtered  their  carcasses  were  condemned  on  account  of  lack  of 
condition. 

Dr.  Seymour  Howden,  of  the  Health  of  Animals  Branch,  inspected, 
both  before  and  after  slaughter,  every  hog  put  through  the  pens.  He 
reports  a  malady  found  in  the  lots  fed  rice  meal,  resembling  very 
closely  the  disease  beri-beri  in  man.  When  it  first  occurred  the  disease 
was  thought  to  be  due  to  some  faulty  method  of  housing  or  feeding ; 
but  when  experience  proved  that  this  malady  could  be  produced  or 
checked  at  will  by  changing  the  ration,  this  idea  was  given  up.  In 
every  case  where  rice  meal  was  fed,  symptoms  of  a  like  nature  were 
produced.  This  was  done  with  various  classes  of  hogs  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year  and  with  various  foods  mixed  with  rice  meal. 

The  rice  meal  fed  was  a  by-product  of  the  rice  mills,  showing  the 
following  chemical  composition:  moisture,  10.54;  protein,  11.44;  fat, 
11.25;  carbohydrates,  53.36;  fiber,  6.13;  ash,  7.28. 

OBJECT  AND    CONDITIONS   OF   THE    EXPERIMENTS 

The  object  of  the  experiments  reported  in  this  publication  was  to 
determine  the  feeding  value  of  rice  and  rice  by-products  as  swine 
feeds,  their  relative  efficiency  as  compared  with  barley — the  principal 
carbonaceous  swine  feed  in  California — and  their  relative  efficiency 
when  fed  in  conjunction  with  barley  and  nitrogenous  supplements. 
The  quality  of  pork  produced  by  these  feeds  when  fed  alone  and  when 
fed  in  combination  with  barley  and  some  nitrogenous  concentrate  was 
also  investigated. 

Animals  used. — The  pigs  used  in  the  tests  reported  herein  were  all 
bred  and  raised  at  the  University  Farm.  Nearly  all  were  purebreds 
and  included  the  Poland-China,  Duroc-Jersey,  Berkshire,  and  Hamp- 
shire breeds.  A  few  were  crossbreds.  In  each  experiment  the  animals 
were  divided  into  lots  of  the  same  size,  as  nearly  uniform  as  possible  as 
to  weight,  breed,  age,  and  sex. 

Weights. — The  hogs  were  weighed  on  three  consecutive  days  at 
the  beginning  of  each  experiment,  the  three-day  average  weight  was 
calculated  and  taken  as  the  initial  weight.  Weekly  weights  of  each 
animal  were  taken  throughout  the  experiments.  The  final  weight  was 
obtained  in  the  same  manner  as  the  initial  weight. 


8  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

Equipment. — The  lots,  houses,  self-feeders,  feeding  floors,  and 
other  equipment  were  the  same  for  all  lots.  Automatic  waterers  were 
located  in  each  lot. 

Mineral  mixture. — A  simple  mineral  mixture  was  available  at  all 
times.  This  mixture  contained  common  salt,  air-slacked  lime,  finely 
ground  bone  meal,  and  charcoal. 

Composition  of  feed  used. — A  comparison  of  the  data  in  table  1 
with  the  average  percentage  composition  of  American  feeding  stuffs, 
as  reported  by  Henry  and  Morrison, (lb)  discloses  the  fact  that  the 
barley  fed  contained  somewhat  more  water,  crude  fiber,  and  fat,  and 
less  ash,  protein,  and  nitrogen-free  extract  than  the  average  reported. 

TABLE   1 

Composition  of  Kick  By-products,  Barley,  and  Tankage* 


Feeds 


Rolled  barley 

Rough  or  paddy  rice 

Rice  bran 

Rice  polish 

Tankage 


Moisture 

Ash 

Crude 
protein 

Crude 
fiber 

Nitrogen- 
free  extract 

per  cent 

per  cent 

per  cent 

pe-  cent 

per  cent 

11.42 

2  05 

9.21 

7.56 

66  87 

12.06 

5.05 

11.76 

8.62 

60.49 

9.97 

11  05 

13.18 

10.59 

40  60 

10.96 

5.23 

10.79 

1  28 

60  97 

9.43 

15.11 

62.95 

1  07 

.18 

Fat 

per  cent 
2  89 
2  02 
14  61 
10  77 
11.26 


*  Analyzed  by  Nutrition  Division  of  the  University  of  California. 

The  rough  rice  carried  more  moisture,  considerably  more  crude 
protein,  and  less  crude  fiber,  less  nitrogen-free  extract,  and  decidedly 
less  fat  than  the  average  reported  by  Henry  and  Morrison.  The  rice 
bran  was  very  similar  in  composition  to  that  reported  by  them.  It 
did,  however,  contain  a  higher  percentage  of  ash,  crude  protein,  and 
fat,  and  somewhat  less  crude  fiber  and  nitrogen-free  extract.  The 
composition  of  the  rice  polish  used  compared  very  closely  with  that 
of  the  average. 

The  tankage  fed  carried  a  higher  fat  content  and  somewhat  less 
fiber  and  nitrogen-free  extract  than  the  average. 

In  table  1  is  presented  an  analysis  of  feeds  fed  in  the  first  and 
second  trials. 


FIRST    TRIAL 

This  trial  began  October  10,  1921,  and  closed  December  12,  1921, 
covering  a  feeding  period  of  63  days.  Eight  lots  of  pigs,  farrowed 
in  the  spring  of  1921,  were  self-fed  in  dry  lot.  There  were  ten  pigs 
in  each  lot  except  lot  V,  which  had  nine,  one  pig  having  been  taken 
out  of  this  lot  November  28  and  disregarded  from  the  first. 


Bul.  420] 


RICE   FOR   FATTENING    SWINE 


Rations. — The  following  rations  were  fed  in  separate  self-feeders : 

Lot  I,  rolled  barley  and  tankage. 

Lot  II,  rough  rice  and  tankage. 

Lot  III,  rice  polish  and  tankage. 

Lot  IV,  rice  bran  and  tankage. 

Lot  V,  rice  polish,  rice  bran,  and  tankage. 

Lot  VI,  rolled  barley,  rough  rice,  and  tankage. 

Lot  VII,  rolled  barley,  rice  polish,  and  tankage. 

Lot  VIII,  rolled  barley,  rice  bran,  and  tankage. 

TABLE  2 

Summary  of  Eesults  of  First  Trial 


Lot 

No. 


Ration 


Average 
initial 
weight 


Average 

final 

weight 


Average 
daily 
gain 


Feed  consumed  for 
100  lbs.  of  gain 


Total  feed 

consumed 

for  100  lbs. 

gain 


II 


III 


IV 


VI 


VII 


VIII 


Rolled  barley. 
Tankage 

Rough  rice 

Tankage 

Rice  polish 

Tankage 

Rice  bran 

Tankage 

Rice  polish 

Rice  bran 
Tankage 

Rolled  barley 
Rough  rice 
Tankage 

Rolled  barley 
Rice  polish 
Tankage 

Rolled  barley 
Rice  bran 
Tankage 


pounds 
120.73 


115.33 


113.90 


114.33 


115.52 


118.77 


130.53 


107.33 


pounds 
236.00 


197.80 


238.40 


222.00 


224.11 


236.77 


262.27 


230.87 


pounds 
1.830 


1.976 


1.709 


1.724 


.873 


2.091 


1.961 


pounds 

Barley,  431.08 

Tankage,  34.61 

Rough  rice,  356.68 

Tankage,  132..  11 

Rice  polish,  309.72 

Tankage,  47.87 


Rice  bran, 
Tankage, 


Barley, 
Rice  polish, 
Tankage, 


347.73 
65.34 


Rice  polish,  297. 14 

Rice  bran,  57. 97 

Tankage,  14.98 

Barley,  363.31 

Rough  rice,  52.50 

Tankage,  31.99 


321.81 
84.79 
20.00 


Barley,  339.32 

Rice  bran,         74.47 
Tankage,  18.78 


■pOUM  S 

463  6 J 


488.79 

D 

357.59 

413.07 

O 

370.09 

</ 

447.80 

U 

426.60 

w- 

432.57 


Results. — Table  2  is  a  summary  of  the  results  obtained  from  the 
first  trial.  Lots  II  to  VIII,  inclusive,  were  fed  rations  containing  rough 
rice  or  rice  by-products ;  lot  I  was  fed  rolled  barley  and  tankage.  This 
lot  made  excellent  gains  (see  fig.  1).  The  amount  of  feed  required  for 
100  pounds  of  gain  was  about  the  average  for  pigs  fed  in  this  manner. 


10 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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Experiment  no.  1 


reed  consumed  per IOO  pounds  go/ri. 


Fig.  1. — The  rate  of  gain  and  the  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  for 
the  several  lots  in  the  first  trial. 


Bul.  420] 


RICE    FOR    FATTENING    SWINE 


11 


This  lot  consumed  relatively  less  tankage  than  those  lots  receiving 
rough  rice  and  tankage,  rice  polish  and  tankage,  and  rice  bran  and 
tankage,  when  these  feeds  alone  were  fed. 

When  this  experiment  began,  the  pigs  were  somewhat  heavier  than 
desired.  They  were  well  grown  but  not  fat.  This  fact  is  reflected  in 
the  rate  of  gain  of  the  various  lots.  Each  lot  in  the  experiment,  with 
the  exception  of  lot  II,  made  gains  of  more  than  one  and  one-half 
pounds  a  head  daily  for  the  feeding  period.    Lot  II,  fed  rough  rice, 


Fig.  2. — Lot  I,  fed  rolled  barley  and  tankage,  at  the  beginning  and  at  the 
close  of  the  first  trial.  This  figure  indicates  the  finish  that  can  be  obtained  by 
feeding  such  a  ration. 

made  relatively  slower  gains  than  the  other  lots  and  consumed  an 
excessive  amount  of  tankage.  Pigs  in  this  lot  had  trouble  masticating 
the  rough  rice.  They  would  stand  at  the  feeder  for  long  periods  of 
time  and  chew  continuously.  When  they  were  tired  of  chewing  the 
rice,  they  would  complete  their  meals  on  tankage  which  was  fed  in  a 
separate  self-feeder.  The  rate  of  gain  was  much  less  than  in  the  other 
lots  and  the  amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was 
greater  than  in  any  other  lot.  If  the  cost  of  gain  were  figured,  that 
of  this  lot  would  be  exceedingly  high  because  of  the  larger  amount 
of  tankage  that  was  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain. 

Lot  III,  fed  rice  polish  and  tankage,  made  excellent  gains  and 
consumed  somewhat  less  feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  than  any  of  the 
other  lots.     However,  the  amount  of  tankage  for  100  pounds  of  gain 


12 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


was  somewhat  higher  than  in  lot  I,  where  barley  and  tankage  con- 
stituted the  ration.  While  this  lot  of  pigs  gained  especially  well,  they 
scoured  some  throughout  the  feeding  period.  This  scouring  was  not 
noticed  in  lot  VII,  where  barley,  rice  polish,  and  tankage  made  up 
the  ration. 

Lot  IV,  fed  rice  bran  and  tankage,  made  somewhat  slower  gains 
than  some  of  the  other  lots ;  however,  the  total  amount  of  feed  con- 
sumed for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  somewhat  less  than  that  of  lot  I, 
but  the  tankage  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  nearly  100 
per  cent  greater. 


Fig.  3. — Lot  VII,  fed  rolled  barley,  rice  polish,  and  tankage,  at  the  begin- 
ning and  at  the  close  of  the  first  trial.  The  pigs  in  this  group  gained  more 
rapidly  and  were  more  highly  finished  at  the  close  of  the  experiment  than 
those  of  the  other  lots. 


Lot  V,  fed  rice  polish,  rice  bran,  and  tankage,  consumed  a  rela- 
tively small  amount  of  feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain,  and  the  amount 
of  tankage  for  100  pounds  of  gain  in  this  lot  was  less  than  in  any  other 
lot.  It  was  also  noticed  that  the  hogs  apparently  relished  the  rice 
polish  more  than  the  rice  bran,  because  they  consumed  above  five  times 
as  much  polish  as  bran. 

Lot  VI,  fed  barley,  rough  rice,  and  tankage,  gained  more  rapidly 
and  on  less  feed  than  lot  I.  The  amount  of  tankage  that  they  con- 
sumed was  not  very  different  from  that  consumed  by  the  check  lot, 
and  the  addition  of  rough  rice  to  the  ration,  although  comparatively 


Bul.  420] 


RICE    FOR   FATTENING    SWINE 


13 


small  quantities  were  consumed,  seemed  to  reduce  the  amount  of  feed 
consumed  per  100  pounds  of  gain. 

Lots  VII  and  VIII  were  among  the  best  lots  in  the  experiment, 
particularly  in  the  rates  of  gain  and  finish.  Both  lots  did  exceedingly 
well  from  the  beginning.  This  was  particularly  true  in  the  case  of 
lot  VII.  Both  of  these  lots  consumed  a  relatively  small  amount  of 
tankage  for  100  pounds  of  gain  and  in  comparison  with  lot  I,  con- 
sumed a  less  total  amount  of  feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain.  Where  the 
pigs  had  free  access  to  barley  and  some  rice  by-product,  such  as  polish 
or  bran,  they  chose  a  larger  amount  of  barley  than  rice  by-product. 
However,  in  both  cases,  they  did  consume  about  four  times  as  much 
of  the  rice  by-products  as  tankage.  When  the  experiment  was  con- 
cluded, these  hogs  were  well  finished  and  were  shipped  to  San  Fran- 
cisco where  dressing  percentages  were  obtained  and  where  physical 
examinations  of  the  carcasses  were  made  and  data  collected  on  the 
degree  of  hardness  of  the  various  carcasses  (see  page  21). 

TABLE  3 

Summary  of  Results  of  Second  Trial 


Lot 
No. 

Ration 

Average 
initial 
weight 

Average 

final 
weight 

Average 
daily 
gain 

Feed  consumed  for 
100  lbs.  of  gain 

Total  feed 

consumed 

for  100  lbs. 

gain 

I 

pounds 
87.00 

89.60 

90.73 

88.93 

88.07 

87.60 

88.87 

88.20 

pounds 
199.67 

161.87 

195.00 

169.33 

188.54 

201.20 

205.13 

204.47 

pounds 
1.610 

1.032 

1.490 

1.149 

1.435 

1.623 

1.661 

1.661 

pound 
Barley, 
Tankage, 

Rough  rice, 
Tankage, 

Rice  polish, 
Tankage, 

Rice  bran, 
Tankage, 

Rice  polish, 
Rice  bran, 
Tankage, 

Barley, 
Rough  rice, 
Tankage, 

Barley, 
Rice  polish, 
Tankage, 

Barley, 
Rice  bran, 
Tankage, 

s 
425.27 
40.60 

356.72 
159.54 

311.31 
52.03 

348.76 
96.39 

303.27 
32.50 
47.38 

363.38 
77.86 
39.13 

217.92 
157.49 
30.79 

307.39 
104.97 
31.65 

pounds 
465.87 

II 

Tankage 

516.26 

III 

Tankage 

Rice  polish 

363.34 

IV 

Tankage 

Rice  bran 

445.15 

V 

Tankage 

383.15 

VI 

Rice  bran 
Tankage 

480.37 

VII 

Rough  rice 
Tankage 

406.20 

VIII 

Rice  polish 
Tankage 

Rolled  barley 

444.01 

Rice  bran 
Tankage 

14 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


SECOND  TRIAL 

The  second  trial  began  December  31,  1921,  shortly  after  the  close 
of  the  first,  and  closed  March  11,  1922,  covering  a  feeding  period  of 
70  days.  There  were  ten  pigs  in  each  lot.  They  had  been  farrowed 
in  September  and  averaged  about  88  pounds  each  when  the  experi- 
ment began.    They  were  self -fed  in  dry  lot. 


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Experiment  no.  2 
Fig.  4. 


feed  consumed  per  /OO  pounds  go/n 

The  rate  of  gain  and  the  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain 
for  the  eight  lots  in  the  second  trial. 


BUL.  420 J  RICE   FOR   FATTENING    SWINE  15 

Rations. — The  second  trial  was  a  duplication  of  the  first,  and  the 
rations  were  the  same  (see  page  9). 

Results. — A  comparison  of  the  tabulated  results  of  these  two  trials 
(tables  2  and  3),  indicates  that  the  rate  of  gain  was  somewhat  less 
in  the  second  trial  than  in  the  previous  one,  as  the  pigs  fed  were 
younger  and  weighed  about  thirty  pounds  less  when  the  trial  began. 
The  amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  about  the 
same  in  the  corresponding  lots  of  the  two  tests.  For  example,  lot  I 
of  the  first  trial,  fed  rolled  barley  and  tankage,  consumed  for  100 
pounds  of  gain,  465.69  pounds  of  feed.  In  the  second  trial  the  amount 
of  feed  consumed  was  465.87  pounds. 

The  smaller  pigs  had  more  trouble  consuming  the  rough  rice  than 
did  the  older  and  heavier  pigs.  This  is  reflected  (see  fig.  4)  in  the 
rate  of  gain  for  lot  II  in  the  second  trial,  and  also  in  the  amount  of 
feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain.  It  required  516.26  pounds 
of  rough  rice  and  tankage  for  100  pounds  of  gain  in  the  second  trial. 
They  consumed  nearly  160  pounds  of  tankage  for  every  100  pounds 
of  gain. 

The  other  lots  compare  very  closely  with  those  of  the  first  test, 
with  the  exception  of  lots  VII  and  VIII.  These  lots  consumed  in  the 
second  trial  somewhat  more  tankage  than  did  those  of  the  first  trial, 
and  the  younger  pigs  apparently  were  unable  to  handle  so  economic- 
ally the  ration  of  barley,  rice  bran,  and  tankage  as  the  older  pigs  of 
the  first  test.  There  is  some  variation  noted  in  the  feeds  the  pigs 
consumed.  In  lots  VII  and  VIII,  the  smaller  pigs  consumed  relatively 
larger  amounts  of  rice  polish  and  rice  bran  than  did  the  older  pigs. 

THIRD   TRIAL 

The  third  trial  began  June  9,  1922,  and  closed  September  22,  1922, 
covering  a  feeding  period  of  105  days.  The  pigs  were  self -fed  in  dry 
lot  except  those  in  lot  VIII.  The  rough  rice  fed  to  this  lot  was  cooked 
and  hand  fed.  There  were  ten  pigs  in  each  lot,  except  lots  IV  and  V, 
each  of  which  had  only  nine. 

Rations. — The  following  rations  were  fed: 

Lot  I,  rolled  barley  and  tankage  in  separate  self-feeders. 

Lot  II,  brewers'  rice  and  tankage  in  separate  self-feeders. 

Lot  III,  rolled  barley,  rice  polish,  and  rice  bran,  equal  parts  by 
weight,  mixed  and  self -fed. 

Lot  IV,  rolled  barley  and  rice  polish,  equal  parts  by  weight,  mixed 
and  self-fed. 


16 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION 


Lot  V,  rolled  barley  and  rice  bran,  equal  parts  by  weight,  mixed 
and  self -fed. 

Lot  VI,  rolled  barley,  rice  polish,  equal  parts  by  weight,  mixed 
and  self -fed;  tankage  in  separate  self-feeder. 

Lot  VII,  rolled  barley  and  rice  bran,  equal  parts  by  weight,  mixed 
and  self -fed ;  tankage  in  separate  self-feeder. 

Lot  VIII,  rough  rice,  cooked;  tankage  in  separate  self-feeder. 


TABLE  4 

Summary  of  Eesults  of  Third  Trial 


Lot 
No. 

Ration 

Average 
initial 
weight 

Average 

final 
weight 

Average 
daily 
gain 

Feed  consumed  for 
100  lbs.  of  gain 

Total  feed 

consumed 

for  100  lbs. 

gain 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 

pound 

s 

pounds 

I 

60.1 

201.0 

1.34 

Barley, 
Tankage, 

369.02 
45.03 

414.05 

Tankage 

II 

60.7 

232.2 

1.63 

Brewers'  rice 
Tankage, 

,332.68 
33.15 

365.83 

Tankage 

III 

Rolled  barley  )  * 

Rice  polish        > 
Rice  bran          J 

59.1 

129.2 

.67 

Barley, 
Rice  polish, 
Rice  bran, 

188.40 
188.40 
188.40 

565.20 

IV 

Rolled  barley   1  * 

Rice  polish        / 

62.7 

135.8 

.696 

Barley, 
Rice  polish, 

284.855 
284.855 

569.71 

V 

Rolled  barley   1  * 

Rice  bran          / 

60.0 

136.0 

.72 

Barley, 
Rice  bran, 

291.50 
291.50 

583.00 

VI 

Rolled  barley   1  * 

Rice  polish        / 
Tankage 

57.0 

205.2 

1.41 

Barley, 
Rice  polish, 
Tankage, 

183.14 
183.14 
33.27 

399.55 

VII 

Rolled  barley  1  * 

Rice  bran    m    j 
Tankage 

56.1 

192.1 

1.30 

Barley, 
Rice  bran, 
Tankage, 

202.095 

202.095 

53.60 

457.79 

VIII 

Rough  rice,  cooked.... 
Tankage 

54.2 

118.9 

.616 

Rough  rice, 
Tankage, 

596.49 
66.11 

662.60 

*  Equal  parts  by  weight,  mixed  and  self-fed. 

To  obtain  additional  information  concerning  the  feeding  of  rice 
by-products,  the  work  which  had  begun  in  1921  was  continued.  In 
the  third  trial,  information  concerning  the  feeding  value  of  brewers' 
rice  was  obtained.  Barley  and  rice  by-products  were  fed  without  any 
nitrogenous  concentrate  to  see  if  it  were  possible  to  get  reasonable 
gains  without  the  use  of  nitrogenous  concentrate. 

Eight  lots  of  pigs  were  used  in  the  experiment.  When  the  experi- 
ment began,  the  pigs  were  about  twelve  weeks  of  age  and  weighed 
an  average  of  about  60  pounds. 


Bul.  420] 


RICE  FOR  FATTENING   SWINE 


17 


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The  rate  of  gain  and  the  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  for 
the  several  lots  in  the  third  trial. 


Results. — The  average  daily  gain  was  not  large.  The  check  lot, 
fed  barley  and  tankage,  gained  1.34  pounds  a  head  daily,  and  the 
amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  relatively  less 
than  in  the  first  two  trials.  The  lot  of  pigs  fed  brewers'  rice  and 
tankage  gained  more  rapidly  (see  table  4  and  fig.  5)  than  any  other 


18  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT    STATION 

lot  and  were  well  finished  at  the  close  of  the  experiment.  _ They  con- 
sumed the  brewers'  rice  and  tankage  in  the  proportion  of  about  10 
pounds  of  brewers'  rice  to  1  pound  of  tankage.  The  amount  of  feed 
consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  less  than  that  consumed  by  any 
of  the  other  lots. 

Lots  III,  IV,  and  V  gained  slowly  and  the  pigs  were  not  in  con- 
dition to  market  when  the  experiment  was  closed  at  the  end  of  105 
days.  These  pigs  were  fed  barley  and  rice  by-products  without 
nitrogenous  supplement.  The  amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100 
pounds  of  gain  was  excessive  as  compared  with  the  check  lot. 

Lot  VI,  fed  equal  parts  of  rolled  barley  and  rice  polish  plus 
tankage  in  a  separate  self-feeder,  made  gains  of  1.41  pounds  a  head 
daily  and  required  slightly  less  than  400  pounds  of  feed  for  100 
pounds  of   gain. 

Lot  VII,  fed  equal  parts  of  rolled  barley  and  rice  bran  with  tank- 
age in  a  separate  self-feeder,  gained  somewhat  less  rapidly  and 
required  more  feed  to  produce  100  pounds  of  gain  than  did  the  pigs 
in  the  check  lot  and  those  fed  equal  parts  of  barley,  rice  polish,  and 
tankage. 

Lot  VIII  was  fed  rough  rice,  cooked.  Tankage  was  fed  in  addition 
in  a  separate  self-feeder.  It  was  thought  that  cooking  would  soften 
the  rice  and  make  it  more  palatable  than  whole  or  ground  rice.  This 
method  of  feeding  rough  rice  did  not  produce  favorable  results.  The 
pigs  made  gains  of  only  a  little  more  than  one-half  pound  a  head 
daily,  and  the  amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was 
excessive. 

FOURTH  TRIAL 

The  fourth  trial  began  January  16,  1923,  and  closed  April  3,  1923, 
covering  a  feeding  period  of  77  days.  There  were  twelve  pigs  in  each 
lot  except  lot  I,  which  contained  only  eleven  pigs. 

Rations. — The  following  rations  were  fed : 

Lot  I,  rolled  barley  and  tankage  in  separate  self-feeders. 

Lot  II,  ground  barley  and  tankage  in  separate  self-feeders. 

Lot  III,  rough  rice  (ground  medium)  and  tankage  in  separate 
self-feeders. 

Lot  IV,  rough  rice  (ground  fine)  and  tankage  in  separate  self- 
feeders. 

Lot  V,  rough  rice  (damaged  and  ground  coarse)  and  tankage  in 
separate  self-feeders. 

Lot  VI,  rough  rice  (damaged  and  ground  very  fine)  and  tankage 
in  separate  self-feeders. 


Bul.  420] 


RICE   FOR   FATTENING    SWINE 


19 


It  was  deemed  advisable  to  make  another  attempt  to  see  whether 
rough  rice  could  be  fed  successfully  to  fattening  pigs.  With  this  in 
mind,  a  trial  covering  a  feeding  period  of  77  days  was  conducted 
with  six  lots  of  twelve  pigs  each. 

The  check  lot  was  fed  rolled  barley  and  tankage;  lot  II  was  fed 
ground  barley  and  tankage,  there  being  some  question  as  to  which 
was  the  better  feed.     The  pigs  fed  the  ground  barley  gained  more 


TABLE  5 

Summary  of  Eesults  of  Fourth  Trial 


Lot 
No. 

Ration 

Average 
initial 
weight 

Average 

final 
weight 

Average 
daily 
gain 

Feed  consumed  for 
100  lbs.  gain 

Total  feed 

consumed 

for  100  lbs. 

gain 

pounds 

pounds 

pounds 

pound 

8 

pounds 

I 

86  0 

188.5 

1.331 

485  67 

524  21 

Tankage 

Tankage, 

38.54 

II 

Ground  barley 

88.1 

202.4 

1.484 

485.00 

517.45 

Tankage 

Tankage, 

32.45 

III 

Rough  rice* 

Tankage 

81.2 

178.2 

1.260 

Rough  rice, 
Tankage, 

463.96 
68.54 

532.50 

IV 

Rough  ricef 

82.1 

180.7 

1.280 

Rough  rice, 

473.76 

529.96 

Tankage 

Tankage, 

56.20 

V 

Rough  rice  (damaged)  t 
Tankage 

81.8 

169.5 

1.140 

Rough  rice, 
Tankage, 

449.64 
99.95 

549.59 

VI 

Rough  rice  (damaged) § 
Tankage 

78.8 

194.9 

1.508 

Rough  rice, 
Tankage, 

448.39 
55.48 

503.87 

*  Good  quality,  ground  medium, 
t  Good  quality,  ground  fine. 


t  Damaged,  ground  coarse. 
§  Damaged,  ground  very  fine. 


rapidly  than  did  those  fed  rolled  barley.  The  amount  of  feed  for 
100  pounds  of  gain  was  not  very  different,  however  (see  fig.  6). 

The  other  lots  were  fed  ground  rough  rice  with  tankage.  For 
lot  III  the  rough  rice  was  ground  rather  fine ;  for  lot  IV,  the  rough 
rice  was  ground  fine;  and  in  both  cases  the  feed  used  was  of  good 
quality.  The  slightly  damaged  rough  rice  fed  to  lot  V  was  ground 
rather  coarsely,  and  that  fed  to  lot  VI  was  ground  very  fine. 

Results. — The  results  (table  5)  as  reflected  in  the  rate  of  gain 
were  not  very  different  in  lots  III  and  IV,  although  there  was  con- 
siderable difference  between  the  rate  of  gain  in  lots  V  and  VI.  Lot  V, 
which  was  fed  rough  rice  ground  rather  coarsely,  gained  more  slowly 
than  did  the  pigs  in  the  other  lots,  and  lot  VI,  in  which  the  rough 
rice  was  ground  very  fine,  gained  more  rapidly  than  any  other  lot  in 
the  experiment. 


20 


UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION 


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ft 


H 


reed  consumed  per  JOO pounds  gain. 


Fig.  6. — The  rate  of  gain  and  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  for  the 
several  lots  in  the  fourth  trial. 


Bul.  420] 


RICE   FOR   FATTENING   SWINE 


21 


The  amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  in  the 
various  lots  was  not  very  different,  except  for  lots  V  and  VI.  Lot  V 
required  more  feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  and  consumed  a  relatively 
higher  percentage  of  tankage  than  did  any  of  the  other  lots.  In  lot  VI 
the  amount  of  tankage  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  less  than 
that  consumed  by  lots  III,  IV,  and  V.  However,  it  was  greater  than 
that  consumed  by  lots  I  and  II,  fed  barley  and  tankage. 

FAT    TESTS 

The  pigs  from  the  first  trial  were  marketed  by  lots,  fat  samples 
being  taken  of  the  back  fat  and  leaf  fat.  These  samples  were  analyzed 
after  they  had  been  kept  about  a  month  in  cold  storage  at  28°  F. 


TABLE  6 
Average  Melting  Point  of  Fat  of  Hogs  in  First  Trial 


Lot  No. 

Leaf  fat 

-«--  ■ 

Back  fat 

°C. 

°C. 

I 

46.58 

39.25 

II 

45.66 

37.32 

III 

45.33 

38.02 

IV 

39.99 

29.07 

V 

38.90 

32.31 

VI 

45.16 

39.00 

VII 

44.40 

37.41 

VIII 

45.67 

35.89 

A  physical  examination  of  the  carcasses  was  also  made  in  the  coolers 
about  48  hours  after  the  hogs  were  slaughtered.  The  fat  samples 
were  rendered  separately  in  porcelain  dishes  at  50°  C.  The  melted 
fat  was  poured  into  glass  sample  bottles  and  some  of  it  was  sucked 
up  into  capillary  tubes  before  determining  the  melting  point.  The 
capillary  tubes  containing  fat  were  allowed  to  remain  in  the  ice  chest 
for  24  hours  before  melting  points  were  determined. 

The  melting  point  determination  of  the  fat  of  each  individual  hog 
was  made  for  both  back  fat  and  leaf  fat.  The  Mulliken  capillary 
tube  method  for  determining  the  melting  point  of  the  fat  was  used. 

A  physical  examination  of  the  carcasses  in  the  coolers  as  reported 
by  the  packer  representatives  for  this  trial  was  as  follows : 

1 '  The  hogs  in  lot  IV  killed  out  soft.  Lot  V  could  hardly  be  classed 
as  hard.  They  ran  from  medium  to  hard.  All  other  lots  killed  out 
hard,  while  lots  VII  and  VIII  seemed  to  be  much  firmer  than  the 
others. ' ' 


22  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

From  the  information  presented,  it  is  noted  that  the  two  lots 
which  had  low  melting  points  of  the  fat,  lots  IV  and  V,  were  also 
designated  by  the  packers  as  not  being  so  hard  and  firm  as  the  others. 
Lot  IV,  fed  a  ration  of  rice  bran  and  tankage,  was  somewhat  softer 
than  any  of  the  other  lots,  and  lot  V,  fed  rice  polish,  rice  bran,  and 
tankage,  was  also  soft,  facts  which  indicate,  no  doubt,  that  rice  bran, 
when  fed  alone  or  when  fed  with  rice  polish,  produces  a  fat  that  is 
somewhat  softer  than  that  produced  by  the  ordinary  ration  of  barley 
and  tankage. 

Soft  pork  was  not  produced  when  rolled  barley,  rice  bran,  and 
tankage  were  self -fed  in  dry  lot. 

The  melting  point  of  the  fat  from  carcasses  of  pigs  self -fed  rice 
polish,  rice  bran,  and  tankage  was  lower  than  that  from  carcasses 
of  pigs  fed  rice  polish  and  tankage. 

SUMMARY 

The  average  daily  gain  for  pigs  self -fed  rolled  barley  and  tankage 
in  these  trials  was  1.528  pounds.  When  rolled  barley  and  tankage 
were  self -fed  in  dry  lot,  the  average  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds 
of  gain  was  427.76  pounds  of  rolled  barley  and  39.695  pounds  of 
tankage.  The  rate  of  gain  is  slightly  higher  but  the  total  feed  for 
100  pounds  of  gain  is  practically  the  same  as  that  reported  by  other 
stations(18)  for  pigs  fed  in  a  similar  manner. 

The  feeding  of  whole  rough  rice  and  tankage  resulted  in  low  daily 
gains  and  the  amount  of  feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  large.  The 
amount  of  tankage  consumed  was  excessive  when  compared  with  that 
consumed  by  the  other  lots. 

The  feeding  of  cooked  whole  rice,  as  was  noted  in  lot  VIII  of  the 
third  trial,  is  not  to  be  recommended  as  an  economical  method  of 
feeding  because  the  total  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was 
662.6  pounds,  which  is  considerably  in  excess  of  that  required  by  any 
other  ration  reported. 

Brewers'  rice  was  found  to  be  superior  to  barley  for  fattening 
pigs  when  brewers'  rice  and  tankage  were  self -fed.  The  pigs  con- 
sumed about  10  pounds  of  brewers'  rice  to  1  pound  of  tankage,  and 
the  amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  was  much  less 
than  when  barley  and  tankage  were  fed.  Pigs  fed  brewers'  rice 
required  for  100  pounds  of  gain  95.08  pounds  less  carbonaceous  con- 
centrate and  6.545  pounds  less  tankage  than  for  the  average  of  those 
fed  rolled  barley  and  tankage. 


BUL.  420]  MCE   FOR  FATTENING   SWINE  23 

Finely  ground  rough  rice  was  found  to  be  superior  to  coarsely 
ground  rough  rice  in  the  amount  of  feed  consumed  for  100  pounds 
of  gain  and  also  in  the  rate  of  gain. 

Rice  polish  and  tankage  when  self -fed  in  dry  lot  caused  the  pigs 
to  scour.  In  all  cases  rice  polish  was  found  to  be  superior  to  rice 
bran.  Pigs  fed  rice  polish  and  tankage  gained  more  rapidly  and 
required  less  feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  than  those  fed  rice  bran  and 
tankage.  Fattening  pigs  on  a  ration  of  rice  polish  and  tankage  self- 
fed  required  less  total  feed  for  100  pounds  of  gain  than  did  those 
self -fed  rolled  barley  and  tankage,  but  the  former  consumed  more 
tankage. 

A  ration  of  rice  bran  and  tankage  produced  carcasses  that  were 
somewhat  softer  than  carcasses  produced  by  other  rations  fed. 


LITERATURE  CITED 

i  True,  A.  C. 

1910.     Experiment  Station  work,   LVIII.  U.  S.  D.  A.  Farmers'  Bui.  412:  7. 

2  Fraps,  G.  S. 

1916.     The  composition  of  rice  and  its  by-products.     Texas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 
Bui.  191:  9.  t.  2. 

3  DUGGAR,  J.   F. 

1903.     Grazing  and  feeding  experiments  with  hogs.     Alabama  Agr.  Exp. 
Sta.  Bui.  122:  1-48, 

4  DVORACHECK,  H.  E.,  AND  H.  A.  SaNDHOUSE 

1916.     Fattening   swine   on   rice   by-products.     Arkansas   Agr.   Exp.    Sta. 

Bui.  128:  1-24. 
s  Moore,  P.  H. 

1915.     Experiment  on  the  effects  of  feeding  rice  meal  to  fattening  hogs. 

Experimental  Farm,  Agassiz,  B.  C.     Sessional  Paper  16:   461- 

475,  611. 

6  DVORACHECK,    H.   E.,   AND   H.   A.    SANDHOUSE 

1918.     Soft  pork  from  rice  bran.     Arkansas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  142:  1-8. 

7  Jordan,  E.  L.,  and  A.  F.  Kidde 

1921.     Feeding  ground  rice,  etc.,  to  horses,  mules,  hogs,  and  dairy  cattle. 

Louisiana  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  179:  1-8. 
s  Brooks,  W.  P. 

1897.        Ninth   annual   report   of   the   Hatch   Experiment   Station    of   the 

Massachusetts    Agricultural    College.      Public    Document    33: 

126-130. 

9  BARNETT,   E.,   AND  C.   J.   GOODELL 

1923.     Grazing  and  feeding  trials  with  hogs.     Mississippi  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 
Bui.  218:   20-26. 


24  UNIVERSITY   OF    CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT   STATION 

10  Connor,  0.  M. 

1900.  Feeding  rice  meal  to  pigs.  South  Carolina  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  55: 
1-7. 

ii  Burns,  John  C. 

1910.     Hog  feeding  experiments.     Texas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  131:  22-23. 
12  Cruse,  J.  T. 

1910.     Feeding  experiments  with  steers  and  hogs.     Texas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 
Bui.  135:  17-25. 
is  Burk,  L.  B. 

1918.     The   influence   of   peanuts   and   rice   bran    on   the   quality    of   pork. 
Texas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  224:   1-14. 
14  Burk,  L.  B. 

1918.     The  influence  of  peanut  meal  on  the  quality  of  pork.     Texas  Agr. 
Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  228:  1-18. 
is  Williams,  D.  W.,  and  O.  E.  McConnell 

1922.  Rice  bran  for  fattening  hogs.    Texas  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  286:  1-11. 
le  Warren,  G.  E. 

1923.  Swine  feeding  experiments.     Experiment  No.  V — Protein  supple- 

ments in   fattening  rations  for  pigs.     Texas   Agr.   Exp.   Sta. 
Bui.  305:  36-41. 
17  Williams,  D.  W.,  and  G.  E.  Warren 

1923.     Eice  bran  and  rice  polish  for  growing  and  fattening  pigs.     Texas 
Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  313:  1-18. 
is  Henry,  W.  A.,  and  F.  B.  Morrison 

1923.  Feeds  and  feeding.  A  handbook  for  the  student  and  stockman. 
Appendix  I,  table  I,  p.  709-721.  p.  632.  Henry-Morrison 
Company,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 


